Reactive oxygen species in plants

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that play dual roles in plant biology, acting as both signaling molecules and potential stressors. Under normal physiological conditions, ROS participate in regulating processes such as photosynthesis, growth, and development. However, during stress conditions (e.g., drought, salinity, pathogen attack), excessive ROS accumulation can lead to oxidative damage, affecting cellular integrity and function. Plants have evolved intricate antioxidant defense systems, including enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, to mitigate oxidative stress. Understanding the balance of ROS in plant systems is critical for enhancing stress resilience and improving crop performance under adverse environmental conditions.