Title : Green chemistry applications for the climate change and control with a case study and check on design and development of gin rollers used in Indian cotton double roller gins towards sustainable industrial development
Abstract:
Climate and weather changes are serious threats and should be controlled effective, efficient and combined managerial approach. The world has been experiencing extreme weather events due to climate crisis for about 90% of the days. Though the year, different parts of the world reeled in floods, heat waves, and cyclones giving adverse environmental health effects on plant, animal and human health. Global temperatures are now not to breach 1.5°C of warming within the next five years as per the EI Nino, Neutral and La Nina phenomena. In 2023, India experienced 365 days of extreme weather events like heat waves, cold waves, heavy rains, floods, cyclones, landslides, thunderstorms and lightening and others. As per the publication and citation of techno-economic-environmental impact study and check conducted, extreme climate and weather will become increasingly intense and frequent. The damage that this would cause to our ecosystems will be irreversible. National Climate Policy Act (NCPA) process is suggested that will integrate different policies and laws to protect environment, climate, weather, biodiversity and sustainable development of its people as the climate change is real and need to be controlled. Climate Change is a serious threat and should be controlled effectively and efficiently by conducting Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) process. Green chemistry is discussed titled ‘Indian cotton Double Roller (DR) ginning industries using Chrome Composite Leather Clad (CCLC) rollers and design and development of green chemistry rollers towards Sustainable Industrial Development (SID)’. SID can be defined as the industrial development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability and efficiency of future generations to meet their own needs. “Environmental Impact Assessment Process “(EIA process) can be defined as the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts (effects) of proposed projects, plans, programs, or legislative actions relative to the physical-chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic components of the total environment. The objective is to conduct Environmental health impact assessment (EHIA) process that is to systematically identify and evaluate potential environmental health impacts of CCLC rollers used in Indian CCLC double roller (DR) ginning industries with relative to the physical -chemical and biological can be referred as entitled “natural or biophysical environment” and the cultural and socioeconomic environment represents entitled “man-made environmental components” of the total environment. Most of the cotton ginning operations are performed by using DR ginning machines which serve an important role in the Indian cotton ginning industries.
The rollers used are made of CCLC covering fixed to a shaft. The CCLC contains about 18,000 to 36,000 mg/kg (ppm) (1.8 %-3.6%) of chromium particles. The chromium stabilizes the CCLC by cross linking the collagen fibres in chromium leather tanning industries. Chromium salts, especially chrome alum and chromium (III) sulfate are used in chromium-tanning of leather. Chromium tanned leather contains between 3 to 5% of chromium, which is tightly bound to the proteins. For certain types of projects, such as nuclear power plants, it may be necessary to address psychological impacts on nearby residents as per reference entitled “Can Change Damage Your Mental Health?” Nature, Volume 295, January 21, 1982, pp.177-179 for the necessity to address psychological impacts on nearby residents and reference entitled “An Environmental Health Impact Assessment (EHIA) process” published by World Health Organization (WHO) titled ‘Health and Safety component of Environmental Impact Assessment ‘from WHO publication, Copenhagen in 1987”. Although the form of chromium used for tanning is not toxic hexavalent variety, there remains interest in the management of chromium in the tanning industry such as recovery and reuses, direct / indirect recycling, use of less chromium or ‘chrome-less tanning is need to be practiced to better manage chromium in tanning with respect to green chemistry. Chromium salts or chromates in contact with skin, lungs and stomach result in dermatitis and lung and esophagus cancer and brain tumor among Indian gin and textile mill workers. Brief or occasional contact may not pose a problem. Potassium dichromate is a chromium salt or chromate and is a common metal making up a significant part of the earth’s crust. The most common home exposure of chromate is leather. The majority of leather goods, including shoe and gloves, are tanned with chromates. It is necessary to avoid chromate tanned leather gloves, and shoes. Vegetable tanned leather gloves and shoes or plastic shoes and Oak Bark -Tanning in the traditional manner is recommended compare to chromate tanned leather. For those with shoe dermatitis from chromate and leather, wearing heavy socks or reducing perspiration and moisture may help to reduce dermatitis. The amount of chromium found in all skin layers due to chromium permeation through human skins in diffusion cells. In ginning factories, when the seed-cotton is processed in DR ginning machine, the lint cotton is contaminated with hexavalent and trivalent chromium dust of about 140 to 1990 mg/kg (ppm) , Cr (VI) and Cr(III) which is carcinogenic substance against the safe limits of 0.1 ppm. Ion chromatographic method and atomic absorption spectrometry method are employed for determining chromium content in all samples and Chromium (VI) found more with increased total chromium concentration in samples due to increasing level of application of potassium dichromate and is found cancer among all skin dermatitis workers.
The percentage of chromium found During the cotton ginning process due to persistent rubbing of CCLC over stationary knife the chromium particles are adsorbed into lint cotton such that the spun yarns and woven fabrics get contaminated about 100 to 200 ppm which according to eco-standards should not be more than 0.1 ppm. The CCLC rollers used in cotton roller ginning machines get powdered during the ginning process. As chromium is a specific dust, gin and mill workers and residents are directly exposed to this carcinogenic substance and are vulnerable to environmental health hazards. To offset this problem, pollution-free eco-friendly washers/rollers both for laboratory and commercial studies have been fabricated and experimented. Green chemistry attempts are made to alternate dust-producing grinding CCLC ginneries. Environmental health inventory (EHI) serves as the basis for evaluating the potential environmental health impacts both beneficial and adverse of a proposed action. Environmental health impact statement (EHIS) describes the affected environmental health or environmental health setting without the project. Green Design and development of the EHI is an initial step in the EHIA process of climate control as the climate change is real. It is concluded that EHIA process (CCPA) as green chemistry is conducted for certain projects, plans, programs, legislative actions, policies in the project planning and decision-making process.
