Title : The role of adaptive organogenesis under the influence of the balance of hormone inhibitors and stimulators on independent and deterministic dominance of apexes for the structural structure of crop yield
Abstract:
The plant does not have a dominant hereditary program, since it is forced to adapt to the environment. A complex multi-level program unfolds in metabolism during the ontogenesis of organogenesis, transport of environmental signals, perception and the same signal transmission pathway with the participation of the synthesis of molecules by gene transcription, and part of the transformation of molecules under the influence of secondary metabolism, synthesizing hormones that control in real-time the implementation of the program of correspondence between organogenesis and the environment. The most variable productivity factors are easily adjusted through agrobiological diagnostics based on developmental phases. Selection selects the most conservative morphological and biochemical traits associated with yield. The transformation of molecules under the influence of secondary metabolism, which controls the implementation of the program of correspondence between organogenesis and the environment, which constitutes the adaptive and productive potential. As long-term practice has shown, there is a stimulation of the balance of hormones initiating organogenesis and the corresponding physiological activity in accordance with the type of weather conditions of the region's climate, above the type of soil, soil cultivation and various agricultural practices influencing crop yield structure, these correspond to productivity elements with a sequence of growth initiation and compensation, governed by alternate apical dominance in cereals or simultaneous dominance in rapeseed. They have the ability to compensate for each other both in the stem and in the ear and cluster. The most stable element is seed weight. The most variable is the number of stems, branches, and the number of seeds per ear and cluster. Hormones are protein derivatives and play the role of switching the programs of initiation of cell division and organogenesis in the apex to new development programs and passes through apical dominance, either successive (for cereals) or simultaneous (for rapeseed), depending on the dominance of the stimulating or inhibitory hormone in the initial cell of the apex. Subsequent organogenesis of productive elements depends on the duration of dominance and regulates the duration of the phase and the number of productive elements in accordance with air temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen supply. This signal distributes nutrient flows within the plant. Communication with the environment is mediated by hormones, which manifest dominance status in the initial cell of the primary and secondary meristems. According to both scientific and practical evidence, weather factors account for 90% of the variability in yield. The balance of stimulators is influenced by nitrogen availability and fertilization, as well as all environmental factors and agricultural practices. The duration of the formation phases of each productive element and the combination of optimal average daily air temperature and precipitation over the ten-day periods of the largest crop productivity element determine the yield and serve as an adaptive characteristic for crop placement based on the crop's commercial potential, as well as the basis for crop cultivation and maintenance technologies. This applies to grains, oilseeds, and similar horticultural and vegetable crops. This growth and development pattern allows for quantitative adaptation to the environment. Stimulating the number of stems in grain crops by inhibiting the dominance of the main apex reduces yield due to a decrease in grain weight. Thousand-grain weight is an integrated indicator influenced by many factors. The structure of biological yield is a prognostic and diagnostic factor in adaptive crop production. Thus, adaptive plant production focuses on realizing the adaptive potential of climate adaptation. This includes weather and genetic determinants of crops and varieties, environmental factors, and agricultural practices. It also includes regulation of adaptive pathways in the metabolism of initial cells and secondary meristems, transfer, and initiation of organogenesis. In the initial cell, hormones are balanced and dominant, and enzymes are activated via regulatory pathways, using numerous transport and regulatory pathways, perception, transport, and fermentation, transforming the functional role of molecules. Adaptation is part of evolution. Alfalfa demonstrates the spectrum of adaptive responses to adaptive hormone determinations: in the Central Chernobyl Region, it is lodged and unseeded, while in Melitopol, it is orthotropic. The difference lies in the dominance of the stimulant ethylene in the former case and auxin in the latter. There are no genetic differences. Adaptive responses mediated by metabolism, including a block of hormones in initial meristems and organ and cell differentiation. Gene replacement alters the entire plant. Less costly adaptive crop placement and agro biological monitoring of the appropriateness of the environment and development at sowing time. Fertilizing and crop protection. Cell division coincides with the environmental influence on cell division, the formation of stems, branches, ears, pods, and seeds within them, and is regulated by a balance of stimulating (auxin) and inhibitory (ethylene) hormones. This growth and development pattern allows for quantitative adaptation to the environment. Stimulating the number of stems in grain crops by inhibiting the dominance of the main apex reduces yield due to a decrease in grain weight. Thousand-grain weight is an integrated indicator of many factors. The structure of biological yield is a prognostic and diagnostic factor in adaptive crop production. Thus, adaptive crop production focuses on realizing the adaptive potential of adapting to climate, weather, and genetic determination of crops and varieties, environmental factors, and agricultural practices. Regulation of adaptive pathways in the metabolism of initial cells and secondary meristems, transfer, and initiation of organogenesis. In the initial cell, there is a balance and dominance of hormones, activation of enzymes via regulatory pathways, using numerous transport and regulatory pathways, perception, transport, and fermentation, and transformation of molecules into functional roles. Adaptation is part of evolution. Alfalfa demonstrates a spectrum of adaptive responses to adaptive hormone determinations: in the Central Chernobyl Region, it is lodged and unseeded, while in Melitopol, it is orthotropic. The difference lies in the dominance of the stimulant ethylene in the former case and auxin in the latter. There are no genetic differences. Adaptive responses are mediated by metabolism, including a set of hormones in initial meristems and organ and cell differentiation. Gene substitution alters the entire plant. Less costly adaptive crop placement and agrobiological monitoring of environmental compliance and development at sowing time. Fertilizing and crop protection are also important. Cell division coincides in timing with the influence of the environment on cell division, the formation of stems, branches, ears, pods, and seeds within them, and is regulated by the balance of stimulating hormones (auxin) and inhibitors (ethylene). The sequence and number of productivity elements correlates well with final seed productivity. Crop yield elements have an optimum size and compensation among themselves, as well as optimal climatic productivity. Genetic determination and the program of organogenesis constitute a hereditary adaptation program, implemented through regulatory adaptive mechanisms, in which genes play only the role of a stepping stone in the complex regulatory program of plant adaptation, encoded in the regulatory pathways for the implementation of this program depending on the external conditions of the open natural plant-environment system. The data is consistent with others. Thus, plant science, biology, physiology, genetics, and breeding are all sciences that serve agronomy.
