Title : Adaptive organogenesis and compensatory yield structure
Abstract:
During ontogenesis, a plant is forced to adapt to its environment through a sequence of organogenesis, perceiving environmental cues. Deterministic, sequential morphological traits are quantitatively dependent on the environment. The most variable productivity elements are easily adjusted, and during agrobiological diagnostics based on developmental phases, they correspond to yield forecasts. Breeding selects the most conservative morphological and biochemical traits associated with yield. The transformation of molecules under the influence of secondary metabolism controls the implementation of the program of organogenesis-environment matching and is part of the adaptive and productive potential. As long-standing science and practice have shown, the hormones stimulating organogenesis initiation are balanced, and the corresponding physiological activity is ensured in accordance with the type of weather conditions and the regional climate. Soil type, soil, and agricultural practices have a greater influence on crop yield. These factors correspond to productivity elements in the crop yield structure, which have an order of initiation of stem, branch, and seed growth. Compensation exists, governed by apical alternate dominance in cereals or simultaneous dominance in rapeseed. These elements compensate for each other both in the stem and in the ear and cluster. The most stable element is seed weight. The most variable is the number of stems, branches, and seeds per ear and cluster. The transformation of molecules under the influence of secondary metabolism, which controls the implementation of the program of correspondence between organogenesis and the environment, which constitutes the adaptive and productive potential. As long-term practice has shown, there is a stimulation of the balance of hormones initiating organogenesis and the corresponding physiological activity in accordance with the type of weather conditions of the region's climate, above the type of soil, soil cultivation and various agricultural practices influencing crop yield. n the yield structure, these correspond to productivity elements with a sequence of growth initiation and compensation, governed by alternate apical dominance in cereals or simultaneous dominance in rapeseed. They have the ability to compensate for each other both in the stem and in the ear and cluster. The most stable element is seed weight. The most variable is the number of stems, branches, and the number of seeds per ear and cluster. Hormones control the division programs of initial cells and organogenesis in the apex. New developmental programs undergo successive (for cereals) and simultaneous (for rapeseed) apical dominance, or, depending on the dominance of stimulating or inhibitory hormones in the initial cell of the apex. The organogenesis of productive elements depends on the duration of dominance and regulates the duration of the phase and the number of productive elements in accordance with air temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen supply. This signal distributes nutrient flows within the plant. Hormones communicate with the environment through the emergence of dominance status in the initial cell of the primary and secondary meristems. According to scientific and practical evidence, weather factors account for 90% of the variability in yield. The balance of stimulators is influenced by nitrogen availability and fertilization, as well as all environmental factors and agricultural practices. The duration of the formation phases of each productive element and the combination of optimal average daily air temperature and precipitation over the ten-day periods of the largest crop productivity element determine the yield and serve as an adaptive characteristic for crop placement based on the crop's commercial potential, as well as the basis for crop cultivation and maintenance technologies. This applies to grains, oilseeds, and similar horticultural and vegetable crops. This growth and development pattern allows for quantitative adaptation to the environment. Stimulating the number of stems in grain crops by inhibiting the dominance of the main apex reduces yield due to a decrease in grain weight. Thousand-grain weight is an integrated indicator of many factors. The structure of biological yield is a prognostic and diagnostic factor in adaptive crop production. Thus, adaptive crop production focuses on realizing the adaptive potential of adapting to climate, weather, and genetic determination of crops and varieties, environmental factors, and agricultural practices. Regulation of adaptive pathways in the metabolism of initial cells and secondary meristems, transfer, and initiation of organogenesis. In the initial cell, there is a balance and dominance of hormones, activation of enzymes via regulatory pathways, using numerous transport and regulatory pathways, perception, transport, and fermentation, and transformation of molecules into functional roles. The initial cell exhibits a balance of hormonal dominance. The spectrum of adaptive responses is as follows: alfalfa is lodged in the forest-steppe zone, while it is orthotropic in the steppe zone. The difference lies in the dominance of the stimulant ethylene in the former case and auxin in the latter. Adaptive crop placement and agrobiological timing of agricultural interventions are designed to coincide with the environmental influence on the formation of stems, branches, ears, pods, and seeds within them. Apex initiation is stimulated by a balance of stimulating and inhibiting hormones. The sequence and quantity of productivity elements correlate well with yield elements; there is also an optimal climatic productivity in terms of magnitude and compensation between them. Organogenesis is realized through adaptive mechanisms depending on external conditions.
